Pathways:
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Autophagy
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Macroautophagy
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Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle Checkpoints
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Cell Cycle, Mitotic
- Mitotic Metaphase/Anaphase Transition
- Separation of Sister Chromatids
- Initiation of Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reformation
- Sealing of the nuclear envelope (NE) by ESCRT-III
- Postmitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) reformation
- Mitotic Telophase/Cytokinesis
- Mitotic Prophase
- Golgi Cisternae Pericentriolar Stack Reorganization
- MASTL Facilitates Mitotic Progression
- Nuclear Envelope Breakdown
- Activation of NIMA Kinases NEK9, NEK6, NEK7
- Depolymerization of the Nuclear Lamina
- Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Disassembly
- Condensation of Prophase Chromosomes
- Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
- Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
- EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
- Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition
- Phosphorylation of proteins involved in G1/S transition by active Cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes
- SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21
- Inhibition of replication initiation of damaged DNA by RB1/E2F1
- Cyclin D associated events in G1
- G0 and Early G1
- Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase
- Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase
- Phosphorylation of Emi1
- Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion
- Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D
- Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
- Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition
- AURKA Activation by TPX2
- The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
- Polo-like kinase mediated events
- Cyclin A/B1/B2 associated events during G2/M transition
- Phosphorylation of proteins involved in the G2/M transition by Cyclin A:Cdc2 complexes
- Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes
- Interaction between PHLDA1 and AURKA
- G2 Phase
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Cell-Cell communication
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Cell junction organization
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Cellular responses to stimuli
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Cellular responses to stress
- Heme signaling
- HSF1-dependent transactivation
- Attenuation phase
- Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response
- KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway
- Regulation of BACH1 activity
- Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2
- GSK3B and BTRC:CUL1-mediated-degradation of NFE2L2
- NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes
- Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
- Cytoprotection by HMOX1
- DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence
- Oncogene Induced Senescence
- Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
- Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence
- HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand
- PERK regulates gene expression
- IRE1alpha activates chaperones
- Cellular response to hypoxia
- Oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha
- Response of EIF2AK1 (HRI) to heme deficiency
- Response of EIF2AK4 (GCN2) to amino acid deficiency
- Amino acids regulate mTORC1
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Response to metal ions
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Chromatin organization
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DNA Repair
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Base Excision Repair
- Cleavage of the damaged purine
- Cleavage of the damaged pyrimidine
- APEX1-Independent Resolution of AP Sites via the Single Nucleotide Replacement Pathway
- Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway
- POLB-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair
- PCNA-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair
- Resolution of AP sites via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
- Abasic sugar-phosphate removal via the single-nucleotide replacement pathway
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DNA Double-Strand Break Repair
- Sensing of DNA Double Strand Breaks
- Recruitment and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of repair and signaling proteins at DNA double strand breaks
- HDR through MMEJ (alt-NHEJ)
- HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)
- Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)
- Resolution of D-loop Structures through Holliday Junction Intermediates
- Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
- Processing of DNA double-strand break ends
- HDR through Single Strand Annealing (SSA)
- Nonhomologous End-Joining (NHEJ)
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Fanconi Anemia Pathway
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DNA Replication
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Developmental Biology
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Activation of HOX genes during differentiation
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Keratinization
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Maternal to zygotic transition (MZT)
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Nervous system development
- Signaling by ROBO receptors
- Role of ABL in ROBO-SLIT signaling
- ROBO receptors bind AKAP5
- SLIT2:ROBO1 increases RHOA activity
- Activation of RAC1
- Inactivation of CDC42 and RAC1
- Regulation of commissural axon pathfinding by SLIT and ROBO
- Regulation of expression of SLITs and ROBOs
- L1CAM interactions
- Interaction between L1 and Ankyrins
- Neurofascin interactions
- CHL1 interactions
- Recycling pathway of L1
- Signal transduction by L1
- EPH-Ephrin signaling
- EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells
- Ephrin signaling
- EPHA-mediated growth cone collapse
- EPHB-mediated forward signaling
- NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth
- NCAM1 interactions
- RET signaling
- Netrin-1 signaling
- Netrin mediated repulsion signals
- DCC mediated attractive signaling
- DSCAM interactions
- Role of second messengers in netrin-1 signaling
- CRMPs in Sema3A signaling
- Sema3A PAK dependent Axon repulsion
- SEMA3A-Plexin repulsion signaling by inhibiting Integrin adhesion
- Sema4D mediated inhibition of cell attachment and migration
- Sema4D induced cell migration and growth-cone collapse
- Reelin signalling pathway
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Regulation of beta-cell development
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Digestion and absorption
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Intestinal absorption
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Disease
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Diseases of DNA repair
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Diseases of Immune System
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Diseases of metabolism
- Defective HLCS causes multiple carboxylase deficiency
- Defective BTD causes biotidinase deficiency
- Defective MMAA causes MMA, cblA type
- Defective MMACHC causes MAHCC
- Defective CBLIF causes IFD
- Defective ABCD4 causes MAHCJ
- Defective MTRR causes HMAE
- Defective MMAB causes MMA, cblB type
- Defective TCN2 causes TCN2 deficiency
- Defective MTR causes HMAG
- Defective UGT1A1 causes hyperbilirubinemia
- Defective CYP1B1 causes Glaucoma
- Defective GSS causes GSS deficiency
- Defective ACY1 causes encephalopathy
- Defective CYP26C1 causes FFDD4
- Defective CYP4F22 causes ARCI5
- Defective TPMT causes TPMT deficiency
- Defective OPLAH causes OPLAHD
- Defective GCLC causes HAGGSD
- Defective CYP27A1 causes CTX
- Defective AHCY causes HMAHCHD
- Defective FMO3 causes TMAU
- Defective UGT1A4 causes hyperbilirubinemia
- Defective CYP11B1 causes AH4
- Defective GGT1 causes GLUTH
- Defective SLC35D1 causes SCHBCKD
- Defective CYP21A2 causes AH3
- Defective CYP24A1 causes HCAI
- Defective CYP2U1 causes SPG56
- Defective CYP11B2 causes CMO-1 deficiency
- Defective CYP27B1 causes VDDR1A
- Defective CYP26B1 causes RHFCA
- Defective MAOA causes BRUNS
- Defective CYP7B1 causes SPG5A and CBAS3
- Defective TBXAS1 causes GHDD
- Defective GGT1 in aflatoxin detoxification causes GLUTH
- Defective CYP11A1 causes AICSR
- Defective CYP27B1 causes VDDR1B
- Defective MAT1A causes MATD
- Defective CYP19A1 causes AEXS
- Defective CYP17A1 causes AH5
- Defective GFPT1 causes CMSTA1
- Defective PGM1 causes PGM1-CDG
- Defective DPM3 causes DPM3-CDG
- Defective GALE causes EDG
- Defective GALK1 causes GALCT2
- Defective GNE causes sialuria, NK and IBM2
- Defective GALT can cause GALCT
- Defective DHDDS causes RP59
- Defective MPI causes MPI-CDG
- Defective SRD5A3 causes SRD5A3-CDG, KHRZ
- Defective DOLK causes DOLK-CDG
- Defective DPM1 causes DPM1-CDG
- Defective DPM2 causes DPM2-CDG
- Defective PMM2 causes PMM2-CDG
- Defective B4GALT1 causes B4GALT1-CDG (CDG-2d)
- Defective ST3GAL3 causes MCT12 and EIEE15
- Defective PAPSS2 causes SEMD-PA
- Defective EXT1 causes exostoses 1, TRPS2 and CHDS
- Defective SLC26A2 causes chondrodysplasias
- Defective HEXB causes GM2G2
- Defective B3GALT6 causes EDSP2 and SEMDJL1
- Defective CHST14 causes EDS, musculocontractural type
- Defective CHST3 causes SEDCJD
- Defective CHST6 causes MCDC1
- Defective B3GAT3 causes JDSSDHD
- Defective B4GALT7 causes EDS, progeroid type
- Defective EXT2 causes exostoses 2
- Defective HEXA causes GM2G1
- Defective CHSY1 causes TPBS
- Defective POMT2 causes MDDGA2, MDDGB2 and MDDGC2
- Defective POMGNT1 causes MDDGA3, MDDGB3 and MDDGC3
- Defective LFNG causes SCDO3
- Defective GALNT3 causes HFTC
- Defective LARGE causes MDDGA6 and MDDGB6
- Defective GALNT12 causes CRCS1
- Defective POMT1 causes MDDGA1, MDDGB1 and MDDGC1
- Defective C1GALT1C1 causes TNPS
- Defective B3GALTL causes PpS
- Defective ALG2 causes CDG-1i
- Defective ALG1 causes CDG-1k
- Defective ALG12 causes CDG-1g
- Defective NEU1 causes sialidosis
- Defective B4GALT1 causes CDG-2d
- Defective DPAGT1 causes CDG-1j, CMSTA2
- Defective ALG6 causes CDG-1c
- Defective MGAT2 causes CDG-2a
- Defective ALG8 causes CDG-1h
- Defective RFT1 causes CDG-1n
- Defective ALG9 causes CDG-1l
- Defective ALG3 causes CDG-1d
- Defective MAN1B1 causes MRT15
- Defective ALG14 causes ALG14-CMS
- Defective ALG11 causes CDG-1p
- Defective MPDU1 causes CDG-1f
- Abnormal conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
- Phenylketonuria
- Defective APRT disrupts adenine salvage
- Defective ADA disrupts (deoxy)adenosine deamination
- Defective HPRT1 disrupts guanine and hypoxanthine salvage
- Defective PNP disrupts phosphorolysis of (deoxy)guanosine and (deoxy)inosine
- Glycogen storage disease type Ia (G6PC)
- Glycogen storage disease type 0 (muscle GYS1)
- Glycogen storage disease type II (GAA)
- Severe congenital neutropenia type 4 (G6PC3)
- Glycogen storage disease type Ib (SLC37A4)
- Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora
- Glycogen storage disease type 0 (liver GYS2)
- Glycogen storage disease type XV (GYG1)
- Essential pentosuria
- MPS IIID - Sanfilippo syndrome D
- MPS IIIA - Sanfilippo syndrome A
- MPS IIIC - Sanfilippo syndrome C
- MPS IV - Morquio syndrome A
- MPS IV - Morquio syndrome B
- MPS VII - Sly syndrome
- MPS II - Hunter syndrome
- MPS IX - Natowicz syndrome
- MPS IIIB - Sanfilippo syndrome B
- MPS VI - Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome
- MPS I - Hurler syndrome
- Essential fructosuria
- Intestinal saccharidase deficiencies
- Hereditary fructose intolerance
- TALDO1 deficiency: failed conversion of Fru(6)P, E4P to SH7P, GA3P
- RPIA deficiency: failed conversion of RU5P to R5P
- TALDO1 deficiency: failed conversion of SH7P, GA3P to Fru(6)P, E4P
- RPIA deficiency: failed conversion of R5P to RU5P
- Defective MUT causes MMAM
- Defective SLC34A2 causes PALM
- Defective ABCA3 causes SMDP3
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Diseases of programmed cell death
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Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers
- Signaling by FGFR1 in disease
- Signaling by cytosolic FGFR1 fusion mutants
- Signaling by FGFR1 amplification mutants
- Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR1
- Signaling by plasma membrane FGFR1 fusions
- Signaling by FGFR3 in disease
- Signaling by FGFR3 fusions in cancer
- t(4;14) translocations of FGFR3
- Signaling by activated point mutants of FGFR3
- Signaling by FGFR2 in disease
- Activated point mutants of FGFR2
- Signaling by FGFR2 fusions
- Signaling by FGFR2 amplification mutants
- Signaling by FGFR2 IIIa TM
- Signaling by FGFR4 in disease
- FGFR4 mutant receptor activation
- Signaling by phosphorylated juxtamembrane, extracellular and kinase domain KIT mutants
- Signaling by extracellular domain mutants of KIT
- Signaling by juxtamembrane domain KIT mutants
- Signaling by kinase domain mutants of KIT
- CTNNB1 T41 mutants aren't phosphorylated
- CTNNB1 S33 mutants aren't phosphorylated
- CTNNB1 S37 mutants aren't phosphorylated
- CTNNB1 S45 mutants aren't phosphorylated
- Signaling by FLT3 ITD and TKD mutants
- STAT5 activation downstream of FLT3 ITD mutants
- Signaling by FLT3 fusion proteins
- Signaling by ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants
- Signaling by ERBB2 KD Mutants
- Signaling by ERBB2 ECD mutants
- Constitutive Signaling by Overexpressed ERBB2
- PTEN Loss of Function in Cancer
- Constitutive Signaling by AKT1 E17K in Cancer
- Constitutive Signaling by Aberrant PI3K in Cancer
- Signaling downstream of RAS mutants
- Signaling by MAPK mutants
- Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants
- Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants
- Signaling by MAP2K mutants
- SHOC2 M1731 mutant abolishes MRAS complex function
- Gain-of-function MRAS complexes activate RAF signaling
- Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF
- Signaling by RAF1 mutants
- Signaling by BRAF and RAF1 fusions
- Hh mutants are degraded by ERAD
- TGFBR2 Kinase Domain Mutants in Cancer
- SMAD2/3 Phosphorylation Motif Mutants in Cancer
- Signaling by PDGFRA transmembrane, juxtamembrane and kinase domain mutants
- Signaling by cytosolic PDGFRA and PDGFRB fusion proteins
- Signaling by PDGFRA extracellular domain mutants
- Signaling by membrane-tethered fusions of PDGFRA or PDGFRB
- Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
- Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
- Constitutive Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Cancer Variants
- Constitutive Signaling by EGFRvIII
- Signaling by ALK fusions and activated point mutants
- Nuclear events stimulated by ALK signaling in cancer
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Diseases of the neuronal system
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Disorders of Developmental Biology
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Disorders of transmembrane transporters
- Defective ABCA12 causes ARCI4B
- Defective ABCC9 causes CMD10, ATFB12 and Cantu syndrome
- Defective ABCG8 causes GBD4 and sitosterolemia
- Defective ABCB4 causes PFIC3, ICP3 and GBD1
- Defective ABCA3 causes SMDP3
- Defective ABCB11 causes PFIC2 and BRIC2
- Defective ABCG5 causes sitosterolemia
- Defective ABCC2 causes DJS
- Defective ABCC6 causes PXE
- Defective ABCA1 causes TGD
- Defective CFTR causes cystic fibrosis
- Defective ABCD1 causes ALD
- Defective ABCB6 causes MCOPCB7
- Defective ABCC8 can cause hypo- and hyper-glycemias
- Defective SLC6A18 may confer susceptibility to iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria
- Defective SLC17A8 causes autosomal dominant deafness 25 (DFNA25)
- Defective SLC24A1 causes congenital stationary night blindness 1D (CSNB1D)
- Defective SLC5A5 causes thyroid dyshormonogenesis 1 (TDH1)
- Defective SLC34A3 causes Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH)
- Variant SLC6A20 contributes towards hyperglycinuria (HG) and iminoglycinuria (IG)
- Defective SLC39A4 causes acrodermatitis enteropathica, zinc-deficiency type (AEZ)
- Defective SLC6A5 causes hyperekplexia 3 (HKPX3)
- Variant SLC6A14 may confer susceptibility towards obesity
- Defective SLC9A6 causes X-linked, syndromic mental retardation,, Christianson type (MRXSCH)
- Defective SLC4A1 causes hereditary spherocytosis type 4 (HSP4), distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) and dRTA with hemolytic anemia (dRTA-HA)
- Defective SLC11A2 causes hypochromic microcytic anemia, with iron overload 1 (AHMIO1)
- Defective SLC40A1 causes hemochromatosis 4 (HFE4) (macrophages)
- Defective SLC4A4 causes renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation (pRTA-OA)
- Defective SLC24A4 causes hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)
- Defective SLC9A9 causes autism 16 (AUTS16)
- Defective SLC22A5 causes systemic primary carnitine deficiency (CDSP)
- Defective RHAG causes regulator type Rh-null hemolytic anemia (RHN)
- Defective SLC5A2 causes renal glucosuria (GLYS1)
- Defective SLC2A1 causes GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1 (GLUT1DS1)
- Defective SLC34A1 causes hypophosphatemic nephrolithiasis/osteoporosis 1 (NPHLOP1)
- Defective SLC36A2 causes iminoglycinuria (IG) and hyperglycinuria (HG)
- Defective SLC26A4 causes Pendred syndrome (PDS)
- Defective SLC6A19 causes Hartnup disorder (HND)
- Defective SLC5A7 causes distal hereditary motor neuronopathy 7A (HMN7A)
- Defective SLC34A2 causes pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PALM)
- Defective SLC22A18 causes lung cancer (LNCR) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 1 (RMSE1)
- Defective SLC1A1 is implicated in schizophrenia 18 (SCZD18) and dicarboxylic aminoaciduria (DCBXA)
- Defective SLC16A1 causes symptomatic deficiency in lactate transport (SDLT)
- Defective SLC22A12 causes renal hypouricemia 1 (RHUC1)
- Defective SLC2A10 causes arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS)
- Defective SLCO1B3 causes hyperbilirubinemia, Rotor type (HBLRR)
- Defective HK1 causes hexokinase deficiency (HK deficiency)
- Defective SLC1A3 causes episodic ataxia 6 (EA6)
- Defective SLC40A1 causes hemochromatosis 4 (HFE4) (duodenum)
- Defective CP causes aceruloplasminemia (ACERULOP)
- Defective SLC33A1 causes spastic paraplegia 42 (SPG42)
- Defective SLC17A5 causes Salla disease (SD) and ISSD
- Defective SLC12A6 causes agenesis of the corpus callosum, with peripheral neuropathy (ACCPN)
- Defective SLC24A5 causes oculocutaneous albinism 6 (OCA6)
- Defective SLC35A1 causes congenital disorder of glycosylation 2F (CDG2F)
- Defective SLC6A18 may confer susceptibility to iminoglycinuria and/or hyperglycinuria
- Defective SLC7A9 causes cystinuria (CSNU)
- Defective SLC6A19 causes Hartnup disorder (HND)
- Defective SLC35C1 causes congenital disorder of glycosylation 2C (CDG2C)
- Defective GCK causes maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2)
- Defective SLC35A2 causes congenital disorder of glycosylation 2M (CDG2M)
- Defective SLC26A3 causes congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1 (DIAR1)
- Variant SLC6A20 contributes towards hyperglycinuria (HG) and iminoglycinuria (IG)
- Defective SLC12A3 causes Gitelman syndrome (GS)
- Defective SLC6A3 causes Parkinsonism-dystonia infantile (PKDYS)
- Defective SLC35A3 causes arthrogryposis, mental retardation, and seizures (AMRS)
- Defective SLC6A3 causes Parkinsonism-dystonia infantile (PKDYS)
- Defective SLC7A7 causes lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI)
- Defective SLC6A2 causes orthostatic intolerance (OI)
- Defective SLC20A2 causes idiopathic basal ganglia calcification 1 (IBGC1)
- Defective SLCO1B1 causes hyperbilirubinemia, Rotor type (HBLRR)
- Defective SLC12A1 causes Bartter syndrome 1 (BS1)
- Defective SLC35A1 causes congenital disorder of glycosylation 2F (CDG2F)
- Defective SLC5A1 causes congenital glucose/galactose malabsorption (GGM)
- Defective SLC3A1 causes cystinuria (CSNU)
- Defective SLC5A7 causes distal hereditary motor neuronopathy 7A (HMN7A)
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Infectious disease
- InlB-mediated entry of Listeria monocytogenes into host cell
- InlA-mediated entry of Listeria monocytogenes into host cells
- Uptake and function of anthrax toxins
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type E (botE)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type F (botF)
- Toxicity of tetanus toxin (tetX)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type A (botA)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type C (botC)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type D (botD)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type G (botG)
- Toxicity of botulinum toxin type B (botB)
- Uptake and function of diphtheria toxin
- Tolerance of reactive oxygen produced by macrophages
- Mtb iron assimilation by chelation
- Tolerance by Mtb to nitric oxide produced by macrophages
- Cell redox homeostasis
- Prevention of phagosomal-lysosomal fusion
- Suppression of apoptosis
- Suppression of autophagy
- Phagocyte cell death caused by cytosolic Mtb
- Antimicrobial action and antimicrobial resistance in Mtb
- Potential therapeutics for SARS
- SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses
- SARS-CoV-2 targets host intracellular signalling and regulatory pathways
- Translation of Accessory Proteins
- Maturation of protein M
- Maturation of nucleoprotein
- Maturation of spike protein
- Maturation of protein 3a
- Maturation of protein E
- Assembly of the SARS-CoV-2 Replication-Transcription Complex (RTC)
- Maturation of replicase proteins
- Transcription of SARS-CoV-2 sgRNAs
- Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome
- SARS-CoV-1 activates/modulates innate immune responses
- Maturation of replicase proteins
- Maturation of protein E
- Maturation of spike protein
- Maturation of nucleoprotein
- Maturation of protein 3a
- Maturation of protein M
- Replication of the SARS-CoV-1 genome
- Transcription of SARS-CoV-1 sgRNAs
- Attachment and Entry
- Minus-strand DNA synthesis
- Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle
- Membrane binding and targetting of GAG proteins
- Transcription of the HIV genome
- Formation of HIV elongation complex in the absence of HIV Tat
- Formation of the HIV-1 Early Elongation Complex
- Abortive elongation of HIV-1 transcript in the absence of Tat
- Tat-mediated elongation of the HIV-1 transcript
- Formation of HIV-1 elongation complex containing HIV-1 Tat
- RNA Polymerase II HIV Promoter Escape
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE during HIV infection
- HIV Transcription Initiation
- Rev-mediated nuclear export of HIV RNA
- APOBEC3G mediated resistance to HIV-1 infection
- Nuclear import of Rev protein
- HCMV Early Events
- HCMV Late Events
- Influenza Infection
- NEP/NS2 Interacts with the Cellular Export Machinery
- Entry of Influenza Virion into Host Cell via Endocytosis
- Viral Messenger RNA Synthesis
- cRNA Synthesis
- vRNA Synthesis
- Uncoating of the Influenza Virion
- Budding
- FCGR3A-mediated IL10 synthesis
- CD163 mediating an anti-inflammatory response
- LTC4-CYSLTR mediated IL4 production
- ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production
- FCGR3A-mediated phagocytosis
- WNT5:FZD7-mediated leishmania damping
- Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection
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Drug ADME
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Abacavir ADME
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Extracellular matrix organization
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Collagen formation
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Degradation of the extracellular matrix
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Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions
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Gene expression (Transcription)
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Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
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Gene Silencing by RNA
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RNA Polymerase I Transcription
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RNA Polymerase II Transcription
- RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation and interaction with CE
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Elongation
- Formation of the Early Elongation Complex
- Formation of RNA Pol II elongation complex
- RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes
- Transcriptional Regulation by E2F6
- RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of HSCs
- Regulation of RUNX1 Expression and Activity
- RUNX1 interacts with co-factors whose precise effect on RUNX1 targets is not known
- RUNX1 regulates genes involved in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet function
- Regulation of localization of FOXO transcription factors
- Regulation of FOXO transcriptional activity by acetylation
- Transcriptional regulation by RUNX2
- RUNX2 regulates genes involved in cell migration
- Regulation of RUNX2 expression and activity
- RUNX2 regulates osteoblast differentiation
- Regulation of NPAS4 gene transcription
- NPAS4 regulates expression of target genes
- Regulation of MECP2 expression and activity
- Regulation of RUNX3 expression and activity
- RUNX3 regulates p14-ARF
- TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes
- TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in Cytochrome C Release
- TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain
- TP53 Regulates Transcription of Caspase Activators and Caspases
- TP53 regulates transcription of additional cell cycle genes whose exact role in the p53 pathway remain uncertain
- Regulation of TP53 Activity through Association with Co-factors
- Regulation of TP53 Activity through Acetylation
- PI5P Regulates TP53 Acetylation
- Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation
- Regulation of TP53 Degradation
- Regulation of TP53 Activity through Methylation
- TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair Genes
- Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
- SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
- RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
- RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape
- RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
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RNA Polymerase III Transcription
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Hemostasis
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Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
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Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production
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Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade)
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Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
- Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor
- ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
- ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
- Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
- Platelet degranulation
- Disinhibition of SNARE formation
- Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs)
- Integrin signaling
- p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins
- GPVI-mediated activation cascade
- Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis
- Arachidonate production from DAG
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Immune System
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Adaptive Immune System
- Generation of second messenger molecules
- Phosphorylation of CD3 and TCR zeta chains
- Downstream TCR signaling
- Translocation of ZAP-70 to Immunological synapse
- Rap1 signalling
- CD22 mediated BCR regulation
- Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells
- Activation of RAS in B cells
- Calcineurin activates NFAT
- Antigen activates B Cell Receptor (BCR) leading to generation of second messengers
- Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
- MHC class II antigen presentation
- Costimulation by the CD28 family
- CD28 co-stimulation
- CD28 dependent PI3K/Akt signaling
- CD28 dependent Vav1 pathway
- PD-1 signaling
- CTLA4 inhibitory signaling
- Antigen Presentation: Folding, assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC
- Cross-presentation of soluble exogenous antigens (endosomes)
- Endosomal/Vacuolar pathway
- ER-Phagosome pathway
- Cross-presentation of particulate exogenous antigens (phagosomes)
- Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
-
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
- Prolactin receptor signaling
- ISG15 antiviral mechanism
- OAS antiviral response
- PKR-mediated signaling
- Interferon alpha/beta signaling
- Regulation of IFNA/IFNB signaling
- Interferon gamma signaling
- IFNG signaling activates MAPKs
- Regulation of IFNG signaling
- Signaling by CSF3 (G-CSF)
- Growth hormone receptor signaling
- FLT3 Signaling
- STAT5 Activation
- Negative regulation of FLT3
- NIK-->noncanonical NF-kB signaling
- Interleukin-10 signaling
- Interleukin-15 signaling
- Interleukin-9 signaling
- Interleukin receptor SHC signaling
- Interleukin-2 signaling
- Interleukin-21 signaling
- Interleukin-6 signaling
- Interleukin-7 signaling
- Interleukin-20 family signaling
- Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling
- Interleukin-37 signaling
- Interleukin-1 signaling
- Interleukin-38 signaling
- Interleukin-3, Interleukin-5 and GM-CSF signaling
- Regulation of signaling by CBL
- Interleukin-27 signaling
- Interleukin-12 signaling
- Interleukin-35 Signalling
- Interleukin-23 signaling
- Signaling by CSF1 (M-CSF) in myeloid cells
-
Innate Immune System
- Trafficking and processing of endosomal TLR
- MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane
- IRAK1 recruits IKK complex
- TAK1-dependent IKK and NF-kappa-B activation
- Regulation of NF-kappa B signaling
- JNK (c-Jun kinases) phosphorylation and activation mediated by activated human TAK1
- activated TAK1 mediates p38 MAPK activation
- ERK/MAPK targets
- ERKs are inactivated
- CREB phosphorylation
- Activation of the AP-1 family of transcription factors
- MAP3K8 (TPL2)-dependent MAPK1/3 activation
- IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex
- Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade
- Activation of IRF3, IRF7 mediated by TBK1, IKBKE
- TRAF6-mediated induction of TAK1 complex within TLR4 complex
- MyD88:MAL(TIRAP) cascade initiated on plasma membrane
- TICAM1-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7
- TICAM1,TRAF6-dependent induction of TAK1 complex
- MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome
- TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation in TLR7/8 or 9 signaling
- IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
- IRAK1 recruits IKK complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation
- Regulation of TLR by endogenous ligand
- Lectin pathway of complement activation
- Ficolins bind to repetitive carbohydrate structures on the target cell surface
- Alternative complement activation
- Regulation of Complement cascade
- The NLRP3 inflammasome
- The NLRP1 inflammasome
- The AIM2 inflammasome
- NOD1/2 Signaling Pathway
- DDX58/IFIH1-mediated induction of interferon-alpha/beta
- Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling
- TRAF3-dependent IRF activation pathway
- TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation
- TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation
- Alpha-protein kinase 1 signaling pathway
- ROS and RNS production in phagocytes
- Events associated with phagocytolytic activity of PMN cells
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface
- Metal sequestration by antimicrobial proteins
- Defensins
- Alpha-defensins
- Beta defensins
- Role of phospholipids in phagocytosis
- Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation
- FCGR activation
- CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling
- CLEC7A (Dectin-1) induces NFAT activation
- Dectin-1 mediated noncanonical NF-kB signaling
- CD209 (DC-SIGN) signaling
- Dectin-2 family
- Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA
- Regulation by TREX1
- LRR FLII-interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1) activates type I IFN production
- STING mediated induction of host immune responses
- STAT6-mediated induction of chemokines
- IRF3-mediated induction of type I IFN
- RIP-mediated NFkB activation via ZBP1
- IRF3 mediated activation of type 1 IFN
- DAP12 signaling
- Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling
- Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilization
- FCERI mediated NF-kB activation
- FCERI mediated Ca+2 mobilization
- FCERI mediated MAPK activation
-
-
Metabolism
-
Biological oxidations
- Acetylation
- Methylation
- Conjugation of phenylacetate with glutamine
- Conjugation of salicylate with glycine
- Conjugation of benzoate with glycine
- Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules
- Glutathione conjugation
- Glutathione synthesis and recycling
- Glucuronidation
- Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate
- Phase I - Functionalization of compounds
- Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type
- Miscellaneous substrates
- Eicosanoids
- Endogenous sterols
- Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1
- Fatty acids
- Xenobiotics
- Aromatic amines can be N-hydroxylated or N-dealkylated by CYP1A2
- CYP2E1 reactions
- Vitamins
- Ethanol oxidation
- COX reactions
- FMO oxidises nucleophiles
- PAOs oxidise polyamines to amines
- Biogenic amines are oxidatively deaminated to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling
- Aflatoxin activation and detoxification
-
Inositol phosphate metabolism
- IP3 and IP4 transport between cytosol and nucleus
- IP6 and IP7 transport between cytosol and nucleus
- Synthesis of pyrophosphates in the cytosol
- Synthesis of IPs in the ER lumen
- IPs transport between ER lumen and cytosol
- Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol
- IPs transport between nucleus and ER lumen
- Synthesis of IP3 and IP4 in the cytosol
- IPs transport between ER lumen and nucleus
- Synthesis of IPs in the nucleus
- IPs transport between cytosol and ER lumen
- IPs transport between nucleus and cytosol
-
Integration of energy metabolism
- Regulation of insulin secretion
- Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
- Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
- Fatty Acids bound to GPR40 (FFAR1) regulate insulin secretion
- Intracellular metabolism of fatty acids regulates insulin secretion
- AMPK inhibits chREBP transcriptional activation activity
- PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
- Insulin effects increased synthesis of Xylulose-5-Phosphate
- PKA-mediated phosphorylation of key metabolic factors
- Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
- PKA activation in glucagon signalling
-
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
- Carnitine synthesis
- Creatine metabolism
- Lysine catabolism
- Melanin biosynthesis
- Glyoxylate metabolism and glycine degradation
- Glycine degradation
- Choline catabolism
- Alanine metabolism
- Catecholamine biosynthesis
- Thyroxine biosynthesis
- Regulation of thyroid hormone activity
- Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis
- Sulfur amino acid metabolism
- Cysteine formation from homocysteine
- Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine
- Sulfide oxidation to sulfate
- Methionine salvage pathway
- Glutamate and glutamine metabolism
- Threonine catabolism
- Selenoamino acid metabolism
- Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH
- Metabolism of ingested H2SeO4 and H2SeO3 into H2Se
- Formation of selenosugars for excretion
- Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se
- Selenocysteine synthesis
- Methylation of MeSeH for excretion
- Branched-chain amino acid catabolism
- Serine biosynthesis
- Urea cycle
- Tryptophan catabolism
- Histidine catabolism
- Metabolism of polyamines
- Agmatine biosynthesis
- Interconversion of polyamines
- Aspartate and asparagine metabolism
- Phenylalanine metabolism
- Tyrosine catabolism
- Proline catabolism
-
Metabolism of carbohydrates
- Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate
- Lysosomal oligosaccharide catabolism
- Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
- Glycogen synthesis
- Fructose biosynthesis
- Fructose catabolism
- Galactose catabolism
- Lewis blood group biosynthesis
- ABO blood group biosynthesis
- Lactose synthesis
- Hyaluronan biosynthesis and export
- Hyaluronan uptake and degradation
- Dermatan sulfate biosynthesis
- Chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis
- CS/DS degradation
- A tetrasaccharide linker sequence is required for GAG synthesis
- Transport and synthesis of PAPS
- HS-GAG biosynthesis
- HS-GAG degradation
- Keratan sulfate degradation
- Keratan sulfate biosynthesis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycolysis
- Regulation of glycolysis by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolism
- Pentose phosphate pathway
- 5-Phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthesis
-
Metabolism of lipids
- Triglyceride biosynthesis
- Triglyceride catabolism
- Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism
- Metabolism of steroid hormones
- Glucocorticoid biosynthesis
- Androgen biosynthesis
- Estrogen biosynthesis
- Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis
- Pregnenolone biosynthesis
- Recycling of bile acids and salts
- Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts
- Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol
- Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol
- Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol
- Cholesterol biosynthesis
- Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol
- Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol
- Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
- Lipid particle organization
- Utilization of Ketone Bodies
- Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
- Sphingolipid metabolism
- Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis
- Glycosphingolipid catabolism
- Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis
- Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis
- Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs
- Arachidonic acid metabolism
- Synthesis of 5-eicosatetraenoic acids
- Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE)
- Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX)
- Synthesis of Hepoxilins (HX) and Trioxilins (TrX)
- Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
- Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET)
- Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
- Synthesis of 12-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
- Peroxisomal lipid metabolism
- Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids
- Alpha-oxidation of phytanate
- Beta-oxidation of pristanoyl-CoA
- alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism
- Linoleic acid (LA) metabolism
- Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation
- Beta oxidation of decanoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA-CoA
- Beta oxidation of myristoyl-CoA to lauroyl-CoA
- Beta oxidation of octanoyl-CoA to hexanoyl-CoA
- Beta oxidation of hexanoyl-CoA to butanoyl-CoA
- Beta oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA to myristoyl-CoA
- Beta oxidation of butanoyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA
- Beta oxidation of lauroyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA-CoA
- mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
- Propionyl-CoA catabolism
- Carnitine metabolism
- Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis
- Acyl chain remodelling of PE
- Synthesis of PC
- Hydrolysis of LPE
- Acyl chain remodelling of PS
- Synthesis of PA
- PI and PC transport between ER and Golgi membranes
- Synthesis of PS
- Synthesis of PI
- Acyl chain remodelling of PC
- Synthesis of CL
- Acyl chain remodeling of DAG and TAG
- Synthesis of BMP
- Acyl chain remodeling of CL
- Synthesis of PG
- Synthesis of PE
- Acyl chain remodelling of PG
- Acyl chain remodelling of PI
- Hydrolysis of LPC
- Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane
- Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane
- Synthesis of PIPs at the Golgi membrane
- Synthesis of PIPs in the nucleus
- PIPs transport between plasma and early endosome membranes
- PIPs transport between early and late endosome membranes
- Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane
- Glycerophospholipid catabolism
- PIPs transport between Golgi and plasma membranes
- Synthesis of PIPs at the ER membrane
- PIPs transport between late endosome and Golgi membranes
- PIPs transport between early endosome and Golgi membranes
- Plasmalogen biosynthesis
- Wax biosynthesis
- Biosynthesis of DPAn-6 SPMs
- Biosynthesis of DPAn-3 SPMs
- Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived protectins and resolvins
- Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived 13-series resolvins
- Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived maresins
- Synthesis of Lipoxins (LX)
- Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs
- Biosynthesis of aspirin-triggered D-series resolvins
- Biosynthesis of protectins
- Biosynthesis of maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTR)
- Biosynthesis of protectin and resolvin conjugates in tissue regeneration (PCTR and RCTR)
- Biosynthesis of maresins
- Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs
- Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins
- Biosynthesis of electrophilic ω-3 PUFA oxo-derivatives
- Biosynthesis of EPA-derived SPMs
- Biosynthesis of E-series 18(R)-resolvins
- Biosynthesis of E-series 18(S)-resolvins
-
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation
-
Metabolism of nucleotides
- Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
- Nucleotide catabolism
- Purine catabolism
- Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins
- Pyrimidine catabolism
- Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NTPDase proteins
- Pyrimidine biosynthesis
- Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
- Purine salvage
- Pyrimidine salvage
-
Metabolism of porphyrins
-
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors
- Vitamin B1 (thiamin) metabolism
- Vitamin B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate
- Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
- Nicotinate metabolism
- Nicotinamide salvaging
- Uptake of dietary cobalamins into enterocytes
- Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism
- Transport of RCbl within the body
- Metabolism of folate and pterines
- Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism
- Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism
- Coenzyme A biosynthesis
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism
- Biotin transport and metabolism
- Vitamin E
- Metabolism of vitamin K
- Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation
- NADPH regeneration
- Ubiquinol biosynthesis
-
Mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis
-
The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport
- Respiratory electron transport
- Complex I biogenesis
- Formation of ATP by chemiosmotic coupling
- The fatty acid cycling model
- The proton buffering model
- Oleoyl-phe metabolism
- Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate
- Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
- Pyruvate metabolism
- Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex
-
-
Metabolism of RNA
-
Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay
-
Metabolism of non-coding RNA
-
Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)
-
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA
-
Regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements
-
-
Metabolism of proteins
-
Peptide hormone metabolism
-
Post-translational protein modification
- Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes
- RAB geranylgeranylation
- Protein methylation
- Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation
- Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine
- Protein hydroxylation
- The activation of arylsulfatases
- Gamma-carboxylation of protein precursors
- Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2
- SUMO is conjugated to E1 (UBA2:SAE1)
- Post-translational protein phosphorylation
- Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins
- Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
- Attachment of GPI anchor to uPAR
- Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate mannose
- Neddylation
- Josephin domain DUBs
- UCH proteinases
- Metalloprotease DUBs
- Ub-specific processing proteases
- Ovarian tumor domain proteases
- Carboxyterminal post-translational modifications of tubulin
- Asparagine N-linked glycosylation
- Reactions specific to the complex N-glycan synthesis pathway
- N-Glycan antennae elongation
- Reactions specific to the hybrid N-glycan synthesis pathway
- COPI-mediated anterograde transport
- COPII-mediated vesicle transport
- N-glycan trimming and elongation in the cis-Golgi
- Progressive trimming of alpha-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man9/8/7GlcNAc2 to produce Man5GlcNAc2
- Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein
- GDP-fucose biosynthesis
- Synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate
- Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine
- Sialic acid metabolism
- Synthesis of GDP-mannose
- Synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate-glucose
- N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle
- Calnexin/calreticulin cycle
- ER Quality Control Compartment (ERQC)
- O-linked glycosylation
- O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins
- O-linked glycosylation of mucins
- Termination of O-glycan biosynthesis
-
Translation
- GTP hydrolysis and joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit
- Formation of the ternary complex, and subsequently, the 43S complex
- Activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex and eIFs, and subsequent binding to 43S
- Recycling of eIF2:GDP
- Ribosomal scanning and start codon recognition
- L13a-mediated translational silencing of Ceruloplasmin expression
- Eukaryotic Translation Elongation
- Peptide chain elongation
- Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation
- Mitochondrial tRNA aminoacylation
- Eukaryotic Translation Termination
- Mitochondrial translation elongation
- Mitochondrial translation termination
- Mitochondrial translation initiation
-
-
Neuronal System
-
Potassium Channels
- Potassium transport channels
- Classical Kir channels
- Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
- ATP sensitive Potassium channels
- Ca2+ activated K+ channels
- TWIK-related alkaline pH activated K+ channel (TALK)
- TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK)
- Tandem pore domain halothane-inhibited K+ channel (THIK)
- TWIK-releated acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)
- TWIK related potassium channel (TREK)
- Tandem of pore domain in a weak inwardly rectifying K+ channels (TWIK)
- Voltage gated Potassium channels
- HCN channels
-
Transmission across Chemical Synapses
- Presynaptic depolarization and calcium channel opening
- Neurotransmitter clearance
- Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft
- Metabolism of serotonin
- Dopamine clearance from the synaptic cleft
- Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
- Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
- Neurotransmitter release cycle
- GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation
- GABA synthesis
- Degradation of GABA
- Reuptake of GABA
- Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
- Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
- Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
- Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
- Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
- Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism
- Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission
- Highly calcium permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- Highly sodium permeable postsynaptic acetylcholine nicotinic receptors
- Highly calcium permeable postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- Unblocking of NMDA receptors, glutamate binding and activation
- CREB1 phosphorylation through NMDA receptor-mediated activation of RAS signaling
- Ras activation upon Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptor
- RSK activation
- Long-term potentiation
- CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
- Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs
- CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII/CaMKK/CaMKIV cascasde
- Activation of RAC1 downstream of NMDARs
- Assembly and cell surface presentation of NMDA receptors
- Negative regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal transmission
- Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
- Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
- Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors
- GABA receptor activation
- GABA B receptor activation
- Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits
- Adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway
- Trafficking of AMPA receptors
- Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors
- Activation of AMPA receptors
-
Transmission across Electrical Synapses
-
-
Organelle biogenesis and maintenance
-
Programmed Cell Death
-
Apoptosis
- Stimulation of the cell death response by PAK-2p34
- Regulation of Apoptosis
- Activation of BMF and translocation to mitochondria
- Activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria
- Activation of BIM and translocation to mitochondria
- Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage
- Formation of apoptosome
- Regulation of the apoptosome activity
- Caspase activation via Dependence Receptors in the absence of ligand
-
Regulated Necrosis
-
-
Protein localization
-
Peroxisomal protein import
-
-
Reproduction
-
Sensory Perception
-
Signal Transduction
-
Intracellular signaling by second messengers
- DAG and IP3 signaling
- CaM pathway
- Calmodulin induced events
- Cam-PDE 1 activation
- PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
- PKA activation
- CaMK IV-mediated phosphorylation of CREB
- PIP3 activates AKT signaling
- Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network
- PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling
- AKT phosphorylates targets in the cytosol
- AKT phosphorylates targets in the nucleus
- Regulation of PTEN stability and activity
- Regulation of PTEN gene transcription
- Regulation of PTEN localization
-
Signaling by GPCR
- G alpha (z) signalling events
- G alpha (i) signalling events
- Adenylate cyclase activating pathway
- PLC beta mediated events
- phospho-PLA2 pathway
- DARPP-32 events
- G-protein activation
- G alpha (12/13) signalling events
- G beta:gamma signalling through BTK
- G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
- G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta
- G alpha (q) signalling events
- Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
- EGFR Transactivation by Gastrin
- G alpha (s) signalling events
- GPER1 signaling
- Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
- Opsins
- Eicosanoid ligand-binding receptors
- Prostanoid ligand receptors
- Leukotriene receptors
- Free fatty acid receptors
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors
- Lysosphingolipid and LPA receptors
- Amine ligand-binding receptors
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
- Dopamine receptors
- Histamine receptors
- Serotonin receptors
- P2Y receptors
- Adenosine P1 receptors
- Peptide ligand-binding receptors
- Formyl peptide receptors bind formyl peptides and many other ligands
- Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
- Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)
-
Signaling by Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
-
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Signaling by SCF-KIT
- Regulation of KIT signaling
- Signaling by ERBB2
- Downregulation of ERBB2 signaling
- Downregulation of ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling
- PLCG1 events in ERBB2 signaling
- PI3K events in ERBB2 signaling
- SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling
- GRB2 events in ERBB2 signaling
- Signaling by Insulin receptor
- Insulin receptor recycling
- Insulin receptor signalling cascade
- IRS activation
- Signal attenuation
- PI3K Cascade
- Activation of AKT2
- PDE3B signalling
- SOS-mediated signalling
- Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
- SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R
- IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R
- Signaling by EGFR
- EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
- EGFR downregulation
- GAB1 signalosome
- GRB2 events in EGFR signaling
- SHC1 events in EGFR signaling
- Signaling by PDGF
- Downstream signal transduction
- Signaling by MST1
- Negative regulation of MET activity
- MET activates RAS signaling
- MET Receptor Activation
- MET activates STAT3
- MET activates PI3K/AKT signaling
- MET activates RAP1 and RAC1
- MET activates PTK2 signaling
- Signaling by ALK
- STAT3 nuclear events downstream of ALK signaling
- VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway
- VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability
- VEGFR2 mediated cell proliferation
- Signaling by ERBB4
- SHC1 events in ERBB4 signaling
- PI3K events in ERBB4 signaling
- Signaling by NTRK3 (TRKC)
- Activated NTRK3 signals through RAS
- Activated NTRK3 signals through PI3K
- NTF3 activates NTRK3 signaling
- Activated NTRK3 signals through PLCG1
- Activated NTRK2 signals through FRS2 and FRS3
- BDNF activates NTRK2 (TRKB) signaling
- Activated NTRK2 signals through CDK5
- Activated NTRK2 signals through PLCG1
- Activated NTRK2 signals through PI3K
- NTF4 activates NTRK2 (TRKB) signaling
- Activated NTRK2 signals through FYN
- NTRK2 activates RAC1
- Activated NTRK2 signals through RAS
- NTF3 activates NTRK2 (TRKB) signaling
- Retrograde neurotrophin signalling
- TRKA activation by NGF
- NGF-independant TRKA activation
- Signalling to RAS
- p38MAPK events
- Frs2-mediated activation
- ARMS-mediated activation
- Signalling to p38 via RIT and RIN
- NGF-stimulated transcription
- PI3K/AKT activation
- Signalling to STAT3
- Signalling to ERK5
- PLC-gamma1 signalling
- FGFR4 ligand binding and activation
- betaKlotho-mediated ligand binding
- Phospholipase C-mediated cascade; FGFR4
- PI-3K cascade:FGFR4
- SHC-mediated cascade:FGFR4
- FRS-mediated FGFR4 signaling
- Negative regulation of FGFR4 signaling
- Spry regulation of FGF signaling
- PI-3K cascade:FGFR3
- FRS-mediated FGFR3 signaling
- Phospholipase C-mediated cascade; FGFR3
- SHC-mediated cascade:FGFR3
- Negative regulation of FGFR3 signaling
- FGFR3b ligand binding and activation
- FGFR3c ligand binding and activation
- Negative regulation of FGFR2 signaling
- FGFR2c ligand binding and activation
- FGFR2b ligand binding and activation
- PI-3K cascade:FGFR2
- FRS-mediated FGFR2 signaling
- Phospholipase C-mediated cascade; FGFR2
- SHC-mediated cascade:FGFR2
- FGFR1b ligand binding and activation
- FGFR1c and Klotho ligand binding and activation
- FGFR1c ligand binding and activation
- Negative regulation of FGFR1 signaling
- FGFRL1 modulation of FGFR1 signaling
- FRS-mediated FGFR1 signaling
- SHC-mediated cascade:FGFR1
- PI-3K cascade:FGFR1
- Phospholipase C-mediated cascade: FGFR1
-
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3
- RHOBTB3 ATPase cycle
- RND2 GTPase cycle
- RHOA GTPase cycle
- RND3 GTPase cycle
- RHOC GTPase cycle
- RHOBTB2 GTPase cycle
- RHOBTB1 GTPase cycle
- RHOV GTPase cycle
- RHOQ GTPase cycle
- RHOH GTPase cycle
- CDC42 GTPase cycle
- RAC2 GTPase cycle
- RHOD GTPase cycle
- RAC1 GTPase cycle
- RHOF GTPase cycle
- RHOB GTPase cycle
- RHOG GTPase cycle
- RHOJ GTPase cycle
- RAC3 GTPase cycle
- RHOU GTPase cycle
- RND1 GTPase cycle
- RHO GTPases Activate WASPs and WAVEs
- RHO GTPases activate CIT
- RHO GTPases activate PKNs
- Activated PKN1 stimulates transcription of AR (androgen receptor) regulated genes KLK2 and KLK3
- RHO GTPases Activate ROCKs
- RHO GTPases activate PAKs
- RHO GTPases Activate Formins
- RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases
- RHOT2 GTPase cycle
- RHOT1 GTPase cycle
-
Signaling by WNT
- TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT
- WNT mediated activation of DVL
- Formation of the beta-catenin:TCF transactivating complex
- Degradation of AXIN
- Regulation of FZD by ubiquitination
- Disassembly of the destruction complex and recruitment of AXIN to the membrane
- Deactivation of the beta-catenin transactivating complex
- Ca2+ pathway
- PCP/CE pathway
- Asymmetric localization of PCP proteins
- WNT5A-dependent internalization of FZD4
- Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex
- Beta-catenin phosphorylation cascade
- WNT ligand biogenesis and trafficking
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Transport of small molecules
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ABC-family proteins mediated transport
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Ion channel transport
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Iron uptake and transport
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O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes
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Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance
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SLC-mediated transmembrane transport
- Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds
- Inositol transporters
- Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport.
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport
- Sodium-coupled sulphate, di- and tri-carboxylate transporters
- Organic anion transport
- Organic cation transport
- Metal ion SLC transporters
- Zinc influx into cells by the SLC39 gene family
- Zinc efflux and compartmentalization by the SLC30 family
- Na+/Cl- dependent neurotransmitter transporters
- Cellular hexose transport
- Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules
- Transport of nucleosides and free purine and pyrimidine bases across the plasma membrane
- Transport of nucleotide sugars
- Transport of organic anions
- Transport of fatty acids
- Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides
- Sodium/Calcium exchangers
- Multifunctional anion exchangers
- Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
- Organic anion transporters
- Sodium/Proton exchangers
- Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane
- Cation-coupled Chloride cotransporters
- Bicarbonate transporters
- Sodium-coupled phosphate cotransporters
- Type II Na+/Pi cotransporters
- Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters
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Vesicle-mediated transport
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Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
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Membrane Trafficking
- Regulation of gap junction activity
- RAB GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RABs
- TBC/RABGAPs
- Retrograde transport at the Trans-Golgi-Network
- COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
- COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
- Intra-Golgi traffic
- Translocation of SLC2A4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane
- trans-Golgi Network Vesicle Budding
- Golgi Associated Vesicle Biogenesis
- Lysosome Vesicle Biogenesis
- Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
- Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis
- Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT)
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