Pathway: Regulation of NF-kappa B signaling
Reactions in pathway: Regulation of NF-kappa B signaling :
Regulation of NF-kappa B signaling
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa-B, NF-κB) is activated by a diverse range of stimuli including cytokines, ligands of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in myeloid cells, antigen-activated TCR in T-cells and by DNA damage (reviewed in Yu H et al. 2020; Zhang T et al. 2021). NF-kappa-B regulates the transcription of genes that are involved in immune and inflammatory responses, cell cycle, cell proliferation and apoptosis (Bhatt D & Ghosh S 2014; Liu T et al. 2017; Yu H et al. 2020). In unstimulated cells, NF-κB is sequestered in the cytosol through interactions with a class of inhibitor proteins, called NF-κB inhibitors (IkBs, such as NFKBIA or NFKBIB) (Jacobs MD & Harrison SC 1998). IkBs mask the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of NF-κB preventing its nuclear translocation (Cervantes CF et al. 2011). A key event in NF-κB activation involves phosphorylation of IkBs by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex which consists of CHUK, IKBKB and IKBKG subunits (Israël A 2010). The activated NF-κB signaling is tightly controlled at multiple levels (Dorrington MG & Fraser IDC 2019; Prescott JA et al. 2021). Dysregulated NF-κB activity can cause tissue damage associated with inflammatory diseases and is also linked to tumorigenesis (Aggarwal BB & Sung B 2011; Liu T et al.2017; Barnabei L et al. 2021). The regulation of NF-κB is cell-type-, context- , and stimulus-dependent and is crucial for orchestrating specific cellular responses (Mussbacher M et al. 2019).
This Reactome module describes several molecular mechanisms that regulate TLR-mediated NF-κB signaling at the level of the IKK signaling complex.
Innate immunity encompases the nonspecific part of immunity tha are part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
Humans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens daily, through contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Our ability to avoid infection depends on the adaptive immune system and during the first critical hours and days of exposure to a new pathogen, our innate immune system.