Meta-Biol

• Pathways

Copper is an essential cofactor of key metabolic enzymes (Linder MC & Hazegh-Azam M 1996). Under normal conditions, the biosynthetic incorporation of copper into secreted and plasma membrane-bound proteins requires activity of the copper-transporting P1B-type ATPases (Cu-ATPases), ATP7A and ATP7B (Camakaris J et al. 1999; La Fontaine S & Mercer JF 2007; Lutsenko S et al. 2007). The Cu-ATPases also export excess copper from the cell and thus critically contribute to the homeostatic control of copper (Camakaris J et al. 1999; La Fontaine S & Mercer JF 2007). However, during bacterial infection phagocytic cells accumulate copper Cu(I) in cytoplasmic vesicles that partially fuse with the phagolysosome, attacking invading microbes with toxic levels of Cu (Festa RA & Thiele DJ 2012). The accumulation of Cu(I) in the phagosome may be dependent upon the trafficking of ATP7A to the membranes of these vesicles (Fu Y et al. 2014). Silencing of ATP7A expression in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages attenuated bacterial killing, suggesting a role for ATP7A-dependent copper transport in the bactericidal activity of macrophages (White C et al. 2009). Copper toxicity targets iron-sulfur containing proteins via iron displacement from solvent-exposed iron-sulfur clusters (Macomber L & Imlay JA 2009; Chillappagari S et al. 2010; Djoko KY & McEwan AG 2013). Copper resistance has been shown to be required for virulence in two animal models of mycobacterial infection (Wolschendorf F et al. 2011; Shi X et al. 2014).

Mutations in the gene encoding ATP7A results in a severe copper-deficiency known as Menkes disease (Kaler SG 2011).