Pathway: NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes
Reactions in pathway: NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes :
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes
Subpathway representing cytoprotective genes regulated by NFE2L2 (NRF2). NFE2L2 is well-studied for its role in oxidative stress where it gets activated by ROS and then induces a plethora of gene expression regulation the oxidative damage. It induces genes/enzymes that regulate the phase 2 detoxification system (eg. GSTs and Glutathione system), ROS scavenging (SODs,PRDX1 ) and cytoprotection (HO1) by regulating inflammation and tissue damage (Tonelli et al, 2018; Shaw et al, 2020)
Cells are subject to external molecular and physical stresses such as foreign molecules that perturb metabolic or signaling processes, and changes in temperature or pH. Cells are also subject to internal molecular stresses such as production of reactive metabolic byproducts. The ability of cells and tissues to modulate molecular processes in response to such stresses is essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis (Kultz 2005). Specific stress-related processes annotated here are cellular response to hypoxia, cellular response to heat stress, cellular senescence, HSP90 chaperone cycle for steroid hormone receptors (SHR) in the presence of ligand, response of EIF2AK1 (HRI) to heme deficiency, heme signaling, cellular response to chemical stress, cellular response to starvation, and unfolded protein response.
Individual cells detect and respond to diverse external molecular and physical signals. Appropriate responses to these signals are essential for normal development, maintenance of homeostasis in mature tissues, and effective defensive responses to potentially noxious agents (Kultz 2005). It is convenient, if somewhat arbitrary, to distinguish responses to signals involved in development and homeostasis from ones involved in stress responses, and that classification is followed here, with macroautophagy and responses to metal ions classified as responses to normal external stimuli, while responses to hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and heat, and the process of cellular senescence are classified as stress responses. Signaling cascades are integral components of all of these response mechanisms but because of their number and diversity, they are grouped in a separate signal transduction superpathway in Reactome.